The enhanced geothermal electricity generation plants are categorized as dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations, and binary cycle power stations. Binary cycle power stations make up almost two-thirds of geothermal energy sources installed currently and are used where the water-dominated geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180°C are present. In these high-temperature reservoirs, fluid boils or flashes to vapor as pressure drops in the system. The separated steam from the flash steam plant is sent to a turbine to produce electricity, and the remaining fluid is flashed again twice (double flash plant) or three times (triple flash plant) at progressively lower pressures and temperatures to obtain more steam. It is then sent to the turbine to generate more electricity before finally sending the rest of the fluid back into the reservoir. It is expected that the single flash is going to maintain its position as the major geothermal plant type installations over the forecasted duration.
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The global enhanced geothermal systems market is categorized into hydraulic, chemical, thermal, and explosive based on the simulation method used. Out of all the simulation methods, the hydraulic stimulation technique is the most commonly used in EGS plants worldwide, independent of the rock type concerned. The process of hydraulic fracturing of rocks involves the injection of water at very high pressure. Compared with other simulation techniques, hydraulic simulation can easily crack rocks with low pressure and keep the fractures open without requiring a propping agent. Also, it has been observed that hydraulic simulation is the safest technique to create permeability in the rock.
The report includes a thorough analysis of EGS based on stimulation method, depth of plant, power station type, as well as different end users for this system. Moreover, the market does not focus on geothermal systems, and it is used throughout the report for shear comparison purposes. The report covers the driving forces, challenges, and growth opportunities of these types of renewable energy generation methods. Major players have been identified on the basis of revenue generation from the installation of the plant, geographical presence, and contracts related to the installation of EGS. A detailed company profiling has been done in the report to understand the player's strategic behavior. The EGS market is further explained and analyzed on the basis of geography. The geographical analysis has been categorized into seven regions, namely, North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Japan, China, and the Middle East and Africa. Moreover, the country-level analysis has also been done in order to have a clear picture of the current and future development of EGS. Manufacturing activities, technical advancement in terms of cost of installation, the feasibility of these types of energy generation systems, and ongoing developments in various countries by the government, as well as the private players, are some of the factors based on which countries’ growth rate has been calculated.
The EGS idea involves extracting heat by constructing a subsurface fracture system that may inject water via injection wells. The better the natural permeability of the rock, the better is the development of the enhanced geothermal system. Rocks are permeable because of minute cracks and pore gaps between mineral grains. In naturally occurring hydrothermal systems, the injected water is heated by contact with the rock, and it then returns to the surface via production wells. EGS are reservoirs built to improve the economics of resources with insufficient water and/or permeability. The conventional EGS comprises a double vertical well that is easy to construct and operate for extracting geothermal energy. However, increasing use of the horizontally layered geothermal system is being witnessed in recent years. This horizontally layered enhanced geothermal system outperforms its double vertical well counterpart in terms of overall heat recovery performance.
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Deep geothermal energy is clean and renewable, and it has the potential to supply significant volumes of thermal and electrical energy. Deep geothermal energy is of tremendous strategic importance for the growth of the energy sector because of these benefits, and several nations have already begun to use deep geothermal energy for heating and power. Due to the complicated geological structure and high temperature and stress conditions in deep geothermal reservoirs, the full potential of deep geothermal energy has yet to be realized. As reservoirs are made of diverse scales of lithological features, faults, fractures, porosity, and permeability, multi-scale characterization is essential for construction and operation. The temperature and stress levels in deep geothermal reservoirs are quite high; the mechanical behavior, fluid transport, and heat transport features of rocks differ from those in shallow EGS.
