Water is frequently used in the production of crude oil, particularly in offshore oil fields. In general, crude oil was identified as a complex emulsion, demulsifiers consisting of 30-90% oil, 30-70% water, and 2-15% solids by mass. In most cases, a constant water in oil emulsion (W/O) is produced while transporting oil via active interfacial materials (such as asphalt, resins, and fine solid particles) and shear stress in pipes and valves.
The resulting emulsion is frequently more complex than crude oil. This can reduce the use of pipelines while increasing energy consumption and pipe degradation. Furthermore, the W/O emulsions are very viscous, causing problems with oil transport and catalyst contamination in downstream refinery processes.
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