The integration of signals from two different types of receptors—activating and inhibitory receptors—is necessary for natural killer cell stimulation and effector activity. MHC class I molecules, which serve as ligands for inhibitory receptors and aid NK cells in developing self-tolerance, are expressed on the surfaces of healthy normal cells. However, tumour cells or virus-infected cells lose the ability to express MHC class I on their surfaces, which causes NK cells to produce less inhibitory signal. In addition, cellular stress brought on by viral infection or tumour development, such as DNA damage response, senescence programme, or tumour suppressor genes, causes these cells to express more ligands that activate receptors.
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