Optogenetics combines genetics and optics to regulate well-defined events inside particular living tissue cells. It also includes the associated technologies for delivering light deep inside complex organisms like freely moving mammals, for focusing light sensitivity on cells of interest, and for evaluating particular readouts, or effects, of this optical control. These technologies include the discovery and insertion of genes into cells that confer light responsiveness.
Control over specific events within specific cell types at certain times—a level of accuracy that is likely essential to biological understanding even outside of neuroscience—is what intrigues neuroscientists about Optogenetics. Any event in a cell only has complete meaning in the context of the other events taking place around it in the rest of the universe of the organ, the entire body, or even the outside environment. The timing of a neuron's firing might change even slightly over a few milliseconds.
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