An inorganic thermal insulating material with a closed cell structure is called cellular glass. It is primarily made of glass (often with a significant amount of recycled and waste glass added), calcium fluoride, sodium carbonate, iron oxide, manganese oxide, sodium sulphate, and sodium nitrate that are melted at 1400 °C to form glass, baked at a high temperature tunnel furnace using carbon as a blowing agent, annealed at a slow temperature reduction in a long tunnel, and then finally cut into boards or slabs. Inorganic glass's chemical stability is effectively preserved. CG has the following characteristics as a result: a relatively low density, low thermal conductivity, impermeability to water and water vapour, no water absorption, incombustibility, and mould protection. High mechanical strength but easy to cut and able to bear all kinds of chemical erosions except hydrofluoric acid.
Inherently non-toxic cellular glass performs well in terms of durability and thermal insulation across a wide range of temperatures (from cryogenic temperature to high temperature). It can defend against erosion, fire, and humidity all at once. It is acclaimed for being a "permanent Thermal Insulation Materials with no requirement of renewal" since it is not only secure but also enduring in harsh environments including subterranean, open air, flammability, moisture sensitivity, and even chemical degradation. As a result, it is frequently used in industry as an insulating material for heat and cold in permanent projects.
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