The adrenochrome hypothesis
A great deal of opposition. This the adrenochrome hypothesis was published in Hoffer, Osmond and Smythies in 1954. Little is known about adrenal pigment, and the results are often wrong. Therefore, it is generally believed that adrenal pigment is unstable in nature, and highly reactive molecules are prepared as crystalline and stable substances. The best preparation we can do is bright red or dark red powder, sometimes almost black, which will deteriorate even when stored in nitrogen and in solution at room temperature below - 40 ° C. Each batch of new products is slightly different, but this is what we can get. I also accepted a wrong belief, that is, it will always be the same. Later, I realized that this instability was due to the residual silver ion content used to catalyze the oxidation of adrenocortical pigment of adrenaline. In short, our preparations are impure and dirty. Dirty organic compounds are often unstable. We have the same problem derivative, adrenaline. When I thought of silver, I instructed our chief biochemist to dissolve part of the adrenal pigment in his hand, and handed it to him through resin column silver and recrystallized pure adrenal pigment; This solves our problem. After the first thing is done, we can prepare the adrenal pigment crystal, which is stable even in the dry state at room temperature.
The preparation of stable adrenaline follows. A few years later, M Professor Altschule began to make and use these stable preparations to study the mental health of the group of the National Research Institute. He once played with the study of adrenal pigment for a short time, but they did not know how to make any one, and could get some from another scientist. I sent him without his permission. Later they gave us honor, although they never asked me to send them without doing so. Unfortunately, Dr. Max Linkel's report is interested in adrenal pigment as a hallucinogen. He obtained a supply of adrenocortical pigment, carbamide, commercially known as stable adrenocortical pigment. It is used by surgeons to reduce bleeding. Rinkel gave this inert material with some themes, and no hallucinogenic activity was found. He did not realize that this substance would not be hydrolyzed in the body, would not release adrenal pigment and had different properties. Adrenal pigment critics apparently never read Linkel's subsequent report to admit his mistakes. The interest in amino chromium has returned because active amines cannot be understood unless they
Degradation to these oxidative derivatives has been considered. Graham (1978, 1979; Graham et al. 1978) explained the toxicity of levodopa dopa (l-dihydroxyphenylalanine), based on its conversion into dopa pigment with properties similar to adrenal chromium. Many investigators have found the formation of adrenal pigment in the body. Kaliman (1961) and Kaliman and Kosh lyak (1962) reported that rabbit heart tissue, kidney and brain, rather than liver and skeletal muscle, were converted into adrenal pigment by adrenaline oxide. Langman and Koelle (1958) found that the intestinal cell mucosa was composed of adrenaline and adrenal pigment. Axelrod (1964) found an enzyme in salivary gland tissue to oxidize adrenaline into adrenal pigment. The DOPA oxidase system in this eye tissue produces adrenal pigment (Angent et al., 1952). Early Roston (1960) discovered coenzyme A norepinephrine red and adrenal pigment. He believes that the cytochrome system controls catecholamine oxidation. More complete discussion on adrenal pigment as insulin in vivo oxidation products of adrenaline in Hoffer and Osmond (1967). Hoffer, Osmond, and Smythies (1954) believed that excessive adrenolefin was formed in schizophrenic patients through the production of endogenous hallucinogens or more accurately endogenous mitogens in the body. This is abnormal biochemistry.
