A supercapacitor is a novel form of energy-saving and conversion device with the potential for high power density, excellent circulation, rapid discharge-charge, low self-discharging, safe operation, and low cost. Because of their excellent electrochemical properties, porous materials such as porous carbon, NiO, and Fe–Mn–O composites are employed to make supercapacitor. Supercapacitors are divided into two types based on their energy-saving mechanisms: pseudocapacitive and electrical double layer capacitor, or EDLC. The connecting area between the electrolyte and electrode materials can alter the characteristics of EDLC.
Fast charge-discharge rates, longer life cycles, high power, and high energy density distinguish supercapacitors or ultracapacitors from normal capacitors. Depending on the charge storage, there are two types of supercapacitors. The first is an EDLC, which stores electrical energy by intercalating charges at the electrode-electrolyte interface, generating a double layer of charges. Because no chemical reaction is involved, the charges are physically deposited, leading to quick charge-discharge kinetics, high power density, and a long life cycle.
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