Emergency and Disaster Management/ Journal Article Review Critique | Acemyhomework Writers
The abstract is a brief overview of the article and is usually the
first part of an article after the title and author’s name. The abstract
states the problem or issue that was investigated and provides an
overview of the investigation and the findings. Abstracts are typically
100 – 150 words in length. Students who conduct research using the
library’s search engine are frequently provided with the abstract in the
search results. The abstract allows the student to quickly understand
what the research article addresses without the student having to read
the entire article.
Introduction
The introduction of the research article provides a statement of the
problem that is investigated. Sometimes, the researcher provides
background information regarding the significance of the problem and why
it is worthy of investigation. This is known as answering the so what
question. In other words, why is this problem or issue worthy of
investigation? Occasionally, a researcher will provide a hypothesis;
that is, a specific statement describing the expected outcome of the
research project.
Literature Review
The introduction is followed by a literature review. The purpose of a
literature review is for the researcher to address the previous research
on this issue and show gaps in the research that the current project is
expected to address. A literature review provides a justification for
the current research. The literature review sometimes helps define
variables by defining key terms or explaining how abstract concepts,
such as fear or satisfaction, will be interpreted for the purpose of the
study. The literature review is sometimes represented by titles such as
Literature Review, Theoretical Considerations, or Previous Research.
Methods
The methods section may be the most important section in helping the
student discriminate between articles in selecting an appropriate one.
Some studies are nothing more than reviews of other research or
extensive literature reviews. These studies may appear to be a research
article as they have an abstract, introduction, and literature review.
However, when the student reviews the methodology section, he or she
will see that no participants were used, no data were collected, and the
data were not analyzed. Rather, the researcher simply provides a review
of the previous research. Students are to avoid these types of
articles. There are several key features of the methods section to which
the student should be aware.
Participants. The methods section of a research article typically
identifies the population to which the results of the study are intended
to be generalized or applied. From that population, the research will
select a sample of participants for the study. In the methods section,
the researcher typically identifies who the sample participants are and
how they were selected. A notable exception to this is when the research
is qualitative and based upon a case study. In that case, the
individual or individuals in the case may be described without reference
to a specific population/
Data collection instrument. The basis of research lies within the data
that are collected and analyzed. Therefore, research articles frequently
identify the method in which data are collected. For example, the
researcher may use a survey, in which case, the researcher will discuss
the survey details. Researchers may also rely upon observation of a
phenomenon or some other type of measurement to collect data.
Data analysis. The methods section will specify how data are analyzed.
Most research is quantitative, which means that the data will be
analyzed using some statistical procedure. Students should be alert to
terms such as t-Test, one-way ANOVA, MANOVA, or chi-square as these are
examples of statistical procedures. There are numerous other statistical
procedures; however, these terms should give the student an idea as to
the names of these procedures. In rare cases, students may find a
qualitative study where a thick, rich description of the phenomenon is
used, rather than statistical analysis. In qualitative analysis, the
researcher writes extensively on the phenomenon in order to describe, in
detail, the results of the study. Because of the thick, rich
description, qualitative research articles are much longer than
quantitative research articles.
Results
In this section, the researcher summarizes the results of his or her
research. In quantitative research, this section is frequently
characterized by the numerical assessment of the data. This section may
also be characterized by tables or graphs that describe the data and the
results. The researcher may also use this section to accept or reject
the study’s hypothesis.
Discussion/Conclusion
It is important to note that the last sections of a research article may
not be exactly as outlined in this document. For example, some
researchers combine the results and discussion sections while others may
combine the discussion and conclusion sections. In other cases, these
may be three distinct sections. Nevertheless, the student should be
aware that the purposes of these sections are contained within the
latter part of the research article regardless of how they are organized
and titled.
In the discussions and conclusion section, the researcher summarizes the
results of the study. The researcher will usually discuss whether the
results of this study are consistent with the findings that were either
presumed, usually through the hypothesis, or contained in previous
research. If some or all of the findings are inconsistent, the
researcher may offer a rival explanation for these results. Finally, the
researcher may offer suggestions for future research.
Other Paper Information
The paper is a critique; therefore, no direct quotations are permitted.
Although I do not allow quotations in the paper, I feel this is an
appropriate time to introduce students to the use of quotations. Over
the years, I have found where some students use a lot of quotations to
get a paper to a specified length. This is an inappropriate use of
quotations. Generally, quotations are rarely used in a paper and only
for specific purposes. These purposes include:
• presenting a clear, accurate discussion of the ideas of others where
it is necessary to quote those ideas word for word (this does not mean
you always quote the ideas of others; rather, you should always consider
paraphrasing and save the quotations for extremely unusual or novel
ideas);
• highlighting or giving added emphasis to the words of a particularly important and authoritative source on your topic;
• identifying historical comments, such as President’s Roosevelt day of infamy speech; and
• comparing and contrasting ideas and positions on important issues.
In all cases, when a student uses a quotation, he or she has an
obligation to discuss it and illustrate its relevance to the paragraph
or issue being discussed.
Additionally, no outside sources other than the textbook are permitted.
Any information or materials you use to support your argument must be
paraphrased. Do not included a References page with your paper. The only
reference listed in your paper will be the article and that will be at
the top of your paper.
Paper Setup
Beginning on the page 9, the student will find format information for
establishing the paper. This information includes the reference for the
journal article at the top of the page and the subsequent headers that
students are to use and guide their writing. As this instruction paper
already has a running head, the sample running head for the students’
papers will not be included; however, students are to include a running
head in their critique papers.
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