How risky is a PET scan?

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A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that allows to investigate the metabolic activity of the cells of body’s tissues. It produces images of your organs and tissues and detects metabolism within body tissues. Prior to starting treatment, the doctor must discuss the important risks with you and offer you the chance to clarify any concerns you have.

Risks associated with PET scans are-

Patients with diabetes should be closely monitored because it may affect their blood sugar levels. In such cases, the doctor may advise you to change your diet and propose alternative diagnostic methods/treatments..
Although, the benefits of these tests are usually greater than the risks. Along with advantages, PET scan has fewer risks of radiation exposure as well. While radioactive tracers are used in PET scan, the amount of radiation is significantly less than other imaging tests , so the risks to your body are also low. However, the dose of X-rays or radioactive materials used in nuclear medicine imaging can vary with every test.
PET scan can be risky for individuals with certain comorbidities such as asthma, heart diseases, blood-related disorders, kidney problems, etc. So, it is strictly advised to share your detailed medical history before opting for a PET scan or treatment.

PET scan can also increase the possibility of risk if you have a history of allergic reactions to the radioactive tracers or CT scan contrast dyes. If you happen to have an allergy during the initial phase of the scan, the medical team can give you the medications to quickly slow down or stop the unwanted response.
PET scan is also not safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women, as the radiation can affect the fetus or unborn baby. It can also pass through breast milk which may cause harmful effects in breastfed babies. So, it is strictly advised for women to tell their doctor or radiologists if they are of child bearing age, or are planning pregnancy or are a breastfeeding mother. Remember, you remain slightly radioactive due to residual radiation (often lasting for 24 hours)) after having a PET scan. Hence, you should avoid coming in contact with pregnant women, babies and young children for at least a day.
Sometimes radiotracer injections may cause redness and mild pain at site of injection. It usually resolves with time. But if it persists for long, you should speak to your doctor.
PET scans can cause harmful effects if you are allergic to certain medications including painkillers, anti-hypertensive medicines, etc. Also, you should inform the radiologist if you are suffering from dehydration.

Other minor risks that might include is discomfort, especially if you are claustrophobic (fear of being in a small or enclosed space) or uncomfortable with needles.
Any exposure to radiation during PET scan carries a very small risk of potential tissue damage that could cause cancer down the line. However, the radiotracer becomes less radioactive with time and usually passes out from the body within a few hours. Hence, it will be helpful to have an abundant amount of water, that helps flush it from your body quickly.