In chemistry, a Betaine is any neutral chemical compound that contains a positively charged cationic functional group, such as a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cation (generally: onium ions), and a negatively charged functional group, such as a carboxylate group, that is not adjacent to the cationic site. Previously, the word was reserved for trim ethyl glycine (TMG), which is involved in methylation processes and homocysteine detoxification. This is a glycine-modified amino acid with three methyl groups that acts as a methyl donor for several metabolic pathways. The compound's pronunciation reflects its origin and first isolation from sugar beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), rather than the Greek letter beta . It is usually pronounced beta-INE. Many naturally occurring betaines act as organic osmolytes in biological systems. These are compounds created or taken up from the environment by cells to defend against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines allows cells to retain water, shielding them from the effects of dehydration. [Citation needed] This accumulation has no influence on enzyme performance, protein structure, or membrane integrity. Betaine is also a methyl donor, which is becoming increasingly important in biology.
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